Datasets

Monthly gridded observation/reanalysis datasets were used and listed as follows

• Sea surface temperature (SST)

  • NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) V5 obtained from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.ersst.v5.html

  • HadISST obtained from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisst/

  • COBE SST obtained from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cobe.html

• Precipitation

• CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) obtained from https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.cmap.html

• ERA5 reanalysis

• ORAS5 ocean reanalysis

Data Processing

All the climatology is calculated using the period of 1991-2020, unless specifically stated otherwise.